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The prolative case (abbreviated ), also vialis case (abbreviated ), is a grammatical case of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of "by way of". In the Finnish language, the so-called prolative has a restricted, by some almost fossilized meaning "by (medium of transaction)". That means, it can still be used for other words, but then does not sound 'native' / 'modern'. Some native examples are for example, "postitse" ("by post"), "puhelimitse" ("by phone"), "meritse" ("by sea"), "netitse" ("over the Internet"). The prolative forms are considered by some Finnish grammarians to be adverbs because they do not show agreement on adjectives like the other Finnish cases (also called the ''concord test''). This claim is not true, however, because an adjective will agree with the prolative: "Hän hoiti asian pitkitse kirjeitse." The prolative exists in a similar state in the Estonian language. The vialis case in Eskimo–Aleut languages has a similar interpretation, used to express movement using a surface or way. For example, ''by way of or through the house''. Basque grammars frequently list the ''nortzat / nortako'' case (suffix ''-tzat'' or ''-tako'') as "prolative" (''prolatiboa'').〔Check for example: Ilari Zubiri and Entzi Zubiri's ''Euskal Gramatika Osoa'' (Bilbao: Didaktiker, 1995); the (declension reference ) at the website of the Basque Autonomous Government's Institute for Euskaldunization and Alphabetization of Adults (HABE); etc.〕 However, the meaning of this case is unrelated to the one just described above for other languages and alternatively has been called "essive / translative",〔Jon D. Patrick, Ilari Zubiri: ''A Student Grammar of Euskara'' (Munich: Lincom Europa, 2001) ()〕 as it means "for (else ), as (being) (else )"; e.g., ''hiltzat eman'' "to give up for dead", ''lelotzat hartu zuten'' "they took him for a fool".〔Examples (translated from Spanish) given in Luis Baraiazarra's ''Diccionario 3000 Hiztegia'' (available online at (euskadi.net )), under the entry for Spanish "dar" ().〕 The meaning "by way of" of the case labelled prolative in the above languages is expressed in Basque by means of the instrumental (suffix ''-()z''). == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「prolative case」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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